Even militia commanders such as Clark, Doniphan, and Atchison who were sympathetic to the Mormons came to see a military response as the only way to bring the situation under control.[69]. Soon after the "Extermination Order" was issued, vigilantes attacked an outlying Mormon settlement and killed . [105] One resolution passed by the Quincy town council read: Resolved: That the gov of Missouri, in refusing protection to this class of people when pressed upon by an heartless mob, and turning upon them a band of unprincipled Militia, with orders encouraging their extermination, has brought a lasting disgrace upon the state over which he presides.[106]. On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jonestook him prisoner for two hours and threatened him and the rest of the Mormon community.[43]. On September 7, Smith and Lyman Wight appeared before Judge Austin A King to answer the charges. One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the crime. [40][41], On July 30, citizens of Carroll County met in Carrollton to discuss the Mormon colonization of De Witt. After the stress of being expelled from Millport into the snow, Milford Donaho's wife gave birth prematurely, and the child was severely injured during the birth. The presidency responded by urging the dissenters to leave the county, using strong words that the dissenters interpreted as threats. [57] Even Mormon leader Parley P Pratt conceded that some burnings had been done by Mormons. Tensions between the members of the Latter-day Saints and neighboring settlers, who took issue with certain . Sampson Avard (October 23, 1800 - April 15, 1869) was one of the founders and leaders of the Mormon vigilantes known as the Danites . [99], Smith and the other Mormons resettled in Nauvoo, Illinois, beginning in 1839. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160 km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City . [1] Latter Day Saint refugees began to flee to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. Amazon.com: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Volume 1): 9780826207296: LeSueur, Stephen C.: Libros. During the conflict, 22 people were killed (three Mormons and one non-Mormon at Battle of Crooked Creek,[1] one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody,[2] and 17 Mormons at Hauns Mill[3]), and an unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri. John C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a cash reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs, and that Smith had admitted to him that Rockwell had done the deed. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did not care" and that he would be glad to get out of the "damnable state" anyway. "The Year of Decision: 1846". [102][103], During a transfer to another prison in the spring of 1839, Smith escaped. [56], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. Answer (1 of 3): Original question: What was the cause of the Mormon War? [1][45], Some isolated Mormons in outlying areas also came under attack. "[60], The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. The conflict expanded to involve state officials, including the governor, and resulted in the incarceration of Joseph Smith and the forced expulsion of the . The Settlement of The Peculiar People in Jackson County. [86] Other Latter Day Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to "beg like a dog for peace". "[35] The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes. Seymour Brunson attacked Grindstone Fork. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Sometimes, it's also called the Missouri Mormon War. "[86][88], Joseph Smith Jr. and the other arrested leaders were held overnight under guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements. One of the principal points of conflict in the 1838 Missouri Mormon War, the battle resulted in Missouri Executive Order 44, sometimes called the . This literature review will focus on the time period from 1838 to 1839, during which the Mormon War took place. Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart's company had been killed. [21], The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. This triggered a brawl between the bystanders. On October 19, 1838, the day after Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and fellow apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church. In October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri.[13]. Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Religious Excess, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, "Mormonism. [61] None of these claims, however, purport to be eye-witness accounts. On May 6, 1842, Boggs was shot in the head at his home three blocks from Temple Lot. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri [Volume 1] [ ] Used - Good at the best online prices at eBay! "In the summer and fall of 1838, animosity between Mormons and their neighbors in western Missouri erupted into an armed conflict known as the Mormon War. [74], While the State Militia gathered, Missouri unorganized Militia continued to act on their own, driving Mormons inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman. Mormon dissenters from Daviess County who had fled to Livingston County reportedly told Livingston County militia under Colonel Thomas Jennings that Mormons were gathering at Haun's Mill to raid into Livingston County. After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan: You will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.[100]. The Missouri Argus published an editorial on December 20, 1838, that public opinion should not permit the Mormons to forcibly be expelled from the state: They cannot be driven beyond the limits of the statethat is certain. [56], When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. "[48][49], On October 9, A C Caldwell returned to De Witt to report that the Governor's response was that the "quarrel was between the Mormons and the mob" and that they should fight it out.[48]. It's not easy to make a major change and make it stick. In addition, LeSueur views the conflict as an expression of attitudes and beliefs that have fostered a vigilante tradition in the United States. I will not obey your order. A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children". A valuable contribution to the study of the Mormon War is A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri (Dissertations in Latter-day Saint history) by Alexander L. Baugh (Provo, Utah: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History and BYU Studies, 2000). In 1831, the Mormons under Joseph Smith began to settle in Jackson County to create a Christian commune of "Zion". The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the most likely culprit. Shortly after organizing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1830, Joseph Smith Jr. revealed that the Second Coming of Christ was near, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the land held by the current settlers. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. [35][36], When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. However, under the leadership of William Austin, the vigilantes refocused their efforts on the small Mormon settlement at De Witt [114][115], LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs's mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.[116]. My brigade shall march for Liberty to-morrow morning, at 8 o'clock, and if you execute those men, I will hold you responsible before an earthly tribunal, so help me God! In an effort to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri, specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. Dunn, acting under the orders of Doniphan, continued on to Adam-ondi-Ahman. [15] Mormons had already begun buying land in the proposed Caldwell County, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties. When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. One contemporary critic of the Mormons wrote: Mormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where it ever did or ever could shine, this side of the world of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob. 17 church members 15 men and two boys were killed by 240 militiamen/vigilantes at Haun's Mill in Caldwell County. [16] Mormons had already begun buying land in the proposed Caldwell County, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties. [82] Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-day Saints fleeing in all directions. Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. [36], When about thirty Latter Day Saints approached the polling place, a Missourian named Dick Weldon declared that in Clay County the Mormons had not been allowed to vote, "no more than negroes". [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. [103][104] Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."[1]. [37], At a meeting at Lyman Wight's home between leading Mormons and non-Mormons, both sides agreed not to protect anyone who had broken the law and to surrender all offenders to the authorities. New converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. [47], On September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. [108][109], LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs' mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.[110]. Mormon vigilantes, including many Danites, raided two towns believed to be centers of anti-Mormon activity, burning homes and stealing goods.22 Though . Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system, Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1968, "LDS Church History: LDS History, October 14, 1838", "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded", Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1920, http://ldsliving.com/story/77142-porter-rockwell-7-unbelievable-facts-and-stories-you-didnt-know, "Clarification of Boggs' 'Order' and Joseph Smith's Constitutionalism", "Mormonism. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[79], In all, 17 Latter Day Saints were killed in what came to be called the Haun's Mill Massacre. During the fall of 1838, as tensions escalated during what is now known as the Mormon-Missouri War, the Danites were apparently absorbed into militias largely composed of Latter-day Saints. Jacob Stollings, a Gallatin merchant, was reported to have been generous in selling to Mormons on credit, but his store was plundered and burned with the rest. Author: Stephen C. LeSueur. [34], At the start of the brawl, Mormon John Butler let out a call, "Oh yes, you Danites, here is a job for us!" Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun. In 1838, however, the state of Missouri entered into a full-scale war against the Mormons. In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his home, where they held his ill wife and children prisoner. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. [36], When about thirty Latter Day Saints approached the polling place, a Missourian named Dick Weldon declared that in Clay County the Mormons had not been allowed to vote, "no more than negroes." After most of the defenders in the blacksmith shop had been killed or mortally wounded, some of the Missourians entered to finish the work. This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth: The citizens of Daviess, Carroll, and some other counties have raised mob after mob for the last two months for the purpose of driving a group of mormons from those counties and from the State. Battle of Crooked River-es.png 564 452; 280 KB. I will not obey your order. EMELLE . [73] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the Militia to "prevent further violence". In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his home, where they held his ill wife and children prisoner. Agitation against the Latter Day Saints had become particularly fierce in the sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell County. Having taken control of the Missourian settlements, the Mormons plundered the property and burned the stores and houses. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the most likely culprit. Talk:1838 Mormon War Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. At 8:00am, Joseph sent word to Far West to surrender.[88]. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters. In this 1842 letter, Mormon dissenter George M. Hinkle rashly accused Joseph Smith of plotting to poison the Missourians' water supply. News of the battle quickly spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri. Eventually, the large portion of the Mormons regrouped and founded a new city in Illinois which they called Nauvoo. He printed the first edition of the Book of Commandments that became a standard work of the church and wrote numerous hymns, some of which are included in the . [117] Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion especially of the alleged failed assassination attempt by Orrin Porter Rockwell of the Mormon Danites. The Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. On the Mormon side, Gideon Carter was killed in the battle and nine other Mormons were wounded, including Patten, who soon after died from his wounds. [12], At the same time, a leadership struggle between the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church's original "second elder"), David Whitmer (another of the Three Witnesses and Stake President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others. Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by elements of the Danite organization. [118], Joseph Smith vehemently denied Bennett's account, speculating that Boggsno longer governor, but campaigning for state senatewas attacked by an election opponent. "[62] Some Latter-day Saints claimed that some of the Missourians burned their own homes in order to blame the Mormons. [19], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[10] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. These days, that conflict is known as the 1838 Mormon War. People were slaughtered. The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. [57], Thomas B. Marsh, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, and fellow Apostle Orson Hyde were alarmed by the events of the Daviess County expedition. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. The Missourians and their families, outnumbered by the Mormons, made their way to neighboring counties. The group and their murder/revenge tactics are surrounded in some historical mystery. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Militia, only one of whom, Moses Rowland, was killed. Fearing attack, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. [66] According to one Latter Day Saint witness, the deaths "threw a gloom over the whole place."[67]. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there.
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